Analysis Of The Motif Of Black Invisibility, By Michelle...

â€Å"Blackness†: An Invisible Disposition Explored Through Free Enterprise and Invisible Man As observed throughout history and various societies, the notion of a â€Å"racial hierarchy† proves to be a superficial design which ultimately assigns value to a group of people based solely upon their skin color. As a result, certain groups are promptly associated with influence and supremacy, while others are disregarded in their â€Å"inherent† inferiority. Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man approach this paradigm by facilitating their readers’ understandings regarding the debilitating ostracism associated with the social construct of â€Å"blackness,† as well as the metaphorical societal invisibility that is suffered as a result. In Free Enterprise, Cliff’s implementation of the motif of black invisibility is prevalent throughout the depiction of a leper colony. In the literal sense, the colony serves the purpose of preventing those with leprosy, a disease which â€Å"flourishes among the darker races,† from infecting the rest of the general populace (Cliff 35). In the metaphorical sense, however, its existence in the work is meant to represent the estrangement and containment of marginalized people from the other, â€Å"superior† society. Through the eyes of Annie Christmas, the channel of the narrator’s observations, the â€Å"numericalized† lepers are described as a secreted and unknown people, â€Å"hidden away as she had hidden herself† (Cliff 42). In the colony, there is

The French Revolution And The Enlightenment - 1601 Words

The Enlightenment was an extensive intellectual, philosophical, and cultural movement that spread throughout Europe, predominantly England, France and Germany during the 18th century. The Scientific Revolution, which began in the 16th century, gave way to a new and revolutionary way of thinking. It encouraged independent thought, the capacity to ask questions, and a progressive attitude. Additionally, the enlightenment arose during a time when there was absolute monarchy and an extremely powerful church. Political, philosophical, cultural, and religious ideas were in the need of reform. The French Revolution was arguably an effect of the growing ideas of the enlightenment. People within France finally had enough of absolute monarchy and wanted reform. Philosophers and thinkers were crucial to the progress of the enlightenment. Thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Adam Smith were prominent figures of the enlightenment. They questioned religion, promot ed secularism, and freedom. Most believed that the government was to be an extension of the people and should not be totalitarian. Locke and Rousseau were focused on protecting the people’s rights. Adam Smith focused on the economic aspects and promoted a free economy without restrictions from the all powerful monarchy. He is the founder of modern economics. Immanuel Kant focused on the problem with government and how the absolute monarchy had been detrimental to the people. He argued that theShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a rol e in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of theRead MoreEnlightenment and the French Revolution1227 Words   |  5 PagesName Subject Professor Date Enlightenment Influence on Political, Social and Cultural Policies of French Revolutionary Period. The age of enlightenment led by influential intellectuals during the 18th century Europe greatly inspired the French citizens, especially the peasants, leading to the revolutionary period culminating from 1789 to 1799. The enlightenment is hailed as the foundation of today’s western political and intellectual culture.1 Growth of liberal democracies and democraciesRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1708 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment in Europe was a period in which ideas were legitimately from one country to another. It is also known as civilization time where traditional authority was put to the question while embracing the notion of humanity to improve human change. The French revolution was directly in motivation by Enlightenment ideals which marked a peak of its influence and a beginning of its fall. The Enlightenment s imperative of the seventeenth-century forerunners incorporated the Englishmen Francis BaconRead MoreEnlightenment During The French Revolution1423 Words   |  6 Pages Enlightenment during The French Revolution: Two of the Greatest Eras Working Together Without Knowing Molly Dauk Honors World History Mrs. Bartosik May 5, 2017 The Enlightenment and the French Revolution, two of the most enriched periods of history, probably never to be left out of the history books. The French Revolution was influenced greatly by the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment period took place over about three-hundred years, whereas the French Revolution took place for onlyRead MoreImpact Of The Enlightenment And The French Revolution1015 Words   |  5 Pagesenemy, the Kingdom of Great Britain. There were two wars, The Revolutionay War, and The French Revolution. Both of these wars were influenced by the enlightenment, but what were the philosophies of each war, and what happened at the end of them? The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a period of time both the 13 British Colonies and the French used as inspiration in their Revolutions. The Americans, such as Thomas Jefferson drew inspiration from John Locke, who believedRead MoreImpact Of Enlightenment On The French Revolution878 Words   |  4 PagesI agree that the Enlightenment was force for positive change in society. The Enlightenment was one was the most important intellectual movements in History, as it dominated and influenced the way people thought in Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. We will look at how it ultimately influenced the American and French Revolution which is still strongly governed by these ideas and principles today. The Age of Enlightenment was a European movement emphasizing reasoning and individualism ratherRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment854 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of two fathers, the American Revolution and the age of enlightenment, the French revolution was primarily a social upheaval that conspired to overthrow religious and privileged classes. The French Revolution changed the degree to which the people were willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to achieve their war aims through democratizing the Army and creating the necessity of larger political alliances than ever before. Guibert wrote in his Essai: Imagine that there arose in Europe a peopleRead MoreLiberalism in French Revolution Through Enlightenment1593 Words   |  7 PagesTHE LIBERAL REVOLUTION -UNDER THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!-Kant Contents ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: 3 FRENCH SOCIETY: 3 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION: 3 CRITICISM ON THE IDEA OF LIBERALISM: 4 CONCLUSION 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: â€Å"Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed nonage†¦ Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of the EnlightenmentRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 PagesMaheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainlyRead MoreImpact Of Enlightenment Ideas On The French Revolution844 Words   |  4 Pages How Enlightenment Ideas Impacted the French Revolution? Towards the end of the 18th century, almost all of Europe had gone through a period called the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers, and philosophers, promoted reason and human freedom over tradition and religion. France had one of the bloodiest Enlightenment periods in history because they used the ideas of John Lockes Natural Rights, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract, and Voltaire (Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) teaching of Freedom

Evaluation of the Most Important Decade in American History Free Essays

This paper is going to be a step by step evaluation of arguably the most important decade in American History. The time period covered in this paper is 1789-1801. These are the years in which the Federalists had the most influence in the new government. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of the Most Important Decade in American History or any similar topic only for you Order Now They accomplished an amazing amount in these 12 years. The Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States. The members of this party supported a strong central government, a large peacetime army and navy, and a stable financial system. Although the first president, George Washington, was not a Federalist, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was the developer and leader of the Federalist party. Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution so that the central government could become more powerful. Also Hamilton, along with the other party members, believed that commerce and manufacturing were more important than agriculture. During the first two years of the new federal government the biggest problem was that of raising money. At first the Congress adopted a small tariff on imports. This was a start but not nearly enough. The government needed this money to maintain its own existence and to be able to pay of the debt. The existence of the government was a necessity, but there was a lot of discussion as to whether the debt should be payed off. The mare magnitude of the debt seemed to compel some measure of avoidance. In 1789, the national debt totaled more than $50 million, $11,700,000 of which was owed to France and Spain and the private bankers of Netherlands, while $40 million was in the form of securities held by citizens of the United States. The interests owed to the bankers were being payed off by loans from the bankers themselves. The government didn†t even have enough money to pay the Barbary corsairs for release of captive sailors! When Congress couldn†t come up with a solution that was satisfactory, they turned to Alexander Hamilton with the dilemma. He soon proceeded to draw up a full report entitled â€Å"Report on Public Credit.† In this paper Hamilton proceeded to show that the only way for a new government to establish credit was to deal honestly with its creditors -for in many cases they would be the people to whom the government must look to for future loans. This policy received strong opposition from Madison and other soon to become Republicans (second political party in America). The federalists held strongly, but only with the passing of the Assumption Bill (movement of capital more toward the South) where they able to pass the bill. This achievement was significant, but lacked two things which would be necessary to carry it out. For one it lacked a circulating medium, and two it lacked a central bank. Hamilton then proposed a remedy. He wanted to establish a corporation that was to be called the Bank of the United States. This bank was to serve as the principle depository for government funds. It was also to serve as the issuer of bank notes. This was a loose interpretation of the constitution. Again Madison led the opposition to no avail. But Hamilton held strongly to his belief that even the most uncompromising opponent of the bank â€Å"would, in one month†s experience as head of that department of the treasury, be compelled to acknowledge that it is an absolutely indispensable engine in the management of the finances, and would quickly become a convert to its perfect constitutionality.† This plan favored the central government. The bank made little banks, who couldn†t compete, go out of business. The rich ended up being able to buy a part in the bank and so got richer, and the poor and middle class didn†t get the benefits. The central government was becoming self sufficient, and less dependent on the states. What Hamilton did is make the nation stronger in the eyes of other nations. This is a great accomplishment. If the Federalists (they didn†t call themselves that until 1792) weren†t in power the nation would have been weaker and more decentralized. There were three views on the French Revolution and the French-British war in 1793. Jefferson†s followers favored France. They wanted to abide by the treaty America signed with France in 1788. They thought it was the right thing to do. Hamilton†s followers favored Great Britain. They wanted to develop better relations with great Britain for economic reasons. They sought to break all the relations with the new French government and to ally America with England. The third view was the one taken by George Washington. He realized that a war with England on the side of the French would be suicidal, but at the same time he didn†t want America to be known as the nation that breaks treaties. George Washington proclaimed that America will be neutral. He forbade any American citizen from helping any warring nation. Without the Federalists there to oppose a war with England America might have been wiped out. The Federalists were looking out for the best interest of the country at the expense of another nation. George Washington who didn†t belong to any party decided not to follow either view. During John Adams† tenure as president the Federalists passed several laws which made them unpopular in the eyes of the American public. These laws made the people upset enough not to reelect most of the Federalists that were in Congress. This was the last term in which the federalists were influential. It is important to state these laws and why they passed them. The Federalists had become more favorable toward France and the Republicans started despising France, especially after the insulting X Y Z affair. Adams was favoring France as he tried to keep the nation out of war with France. He secured peace once Napoleon came into power in 1799. The resentment of the population toward France jeopardized this treaty. The Federalist majority in Congress decided to pass the Alien and sedition acts in order to weaken the supporters of war with France (mainly the Republicans). Adams himself was against these laws. These measures were hated. Some of the extreme measures taken to combat them were the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. These measures tried to say that the laws were unconstitutional. When the time of the next election came the people of the nation had a choice of either maintaining the ways of the Federalists or vote for Jefferson and the republicans. The people, who were mostly farmers at the time, saw the threat to the common man†s rights and so they voted Jefferson and other Republicans into office. This was probably the only thing that the federalist ever really messed up. They made the country strong but then went too far and people took them out of the national picture. The federalist party would never see such strong days again. Its power dwindled down slowly until the party vanished from the national picture in 1816. Although no longer influential in Congress the federalist remained in control in several states. Some states had federalists in office as far down as 1820. This wasn†t though what kept the federalist ideals in America. John Marshall, chief justice of supreme court, began his tenure in 1801. Justice Marshall was a steadfast Federalist. He maintained the Federalist ways long after the party seized to exist. Decision after decision chief Marshall declared the central government supreme to the state. He stretched the constitution far in seeing that the states yield rights to the federal government. He maintained this for 34 years, shaping the loose collection of states into a solid National Union. Another way that the Federalist ideals were maintained comes from their opponents. Upon gaining control of the Congress and Presidency the Democratic-Republicans maintained most of the programs set up by the Federalists. The alien and sedition laws were repealed and everyone arrested under them was let go, but other than that the central government maintained the control gained under the federalists, relinquishing little. The Republicans even strengthened the federal government on occasion. By buying Louisiana Jefferson extended the abilities of the central government. The years under George Washington and John Adams constitute a record of accomplishments not met since. The Federalists followed Hamilton†s counsel to ‘think continentally.† A federal judiciary was established, the taxing power was used, the national debt was handled, American credit was fixed, and territory was cleared of the British and Spanish populations. In foreign affairs America gained respect. Neutrality was maintained, at the price of the French alliance and concessions with Britain. The objective of the foreign policy was survival. The objective was met. The Federalist did a great job starting up the country. After all, many of the leaders including John Adams and George Washington thought that the Union would not last past their lifetimes. The â€Å"experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people†, as said President Washington, turned out very well. Just look at the power America has today. How to cite Evaluation of the Most Important Decade in American History, Essay examples

Information Security Russian Hackers

Question: Describe about the Information Security for Russian Hackers. Answer: A.1) Problems statement The article is related to the story published in Data breach about The New York Times targeted by Russian Hackers. This newspaper mainly covers news stories about antagonized countries like Russia, China. Therefore it is very much obvious that spies of these countries will keep check on the reporters of this newspaper (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). China has warned Time about the consequences they would face due to revolutionary actions. According to their sayings they have hacked the network of Times through adding malware to their server. In this incident all the data related to corporate passwords and user details were hacked through this attack. Almost email and passwords of 53 employees were hacked during this attack. After this scenario Russian hacker are also willing to attack their system according to the spies of Times. They have targeted dox NYT employees. In early 2016 this paper published an article about a sophisticated laboratory run by R ussian that was aimed to conceal Russian athletes use of banned substances (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). According to the chief editor of Times it was clear that these threatening emails are not signs of attack these are just a mare trick to know about those contacts with which Times was communicating and what their conversation was about. These aspects made Times think about security of their reporter as the previous attack has stolen most of their important data regarding Russia and china. In spite of these incidents reporter were constant to their decisions to find fraudulent among Russian events and they want to recognize Russian spies. A.2) Process of attack The New York Times was challenged by attacks initiated by Russian hackers so as to take revenge of the reports they have published against Russia. At the first of stage of the attack Times was assuming that those massive attacks was operated by China as in 2015 they have intended another attack for hacking their entire server (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). After several research and investigation done on attacks recognized in 2016 it was clear that Russian spies were keeping check on the reporter of Times and they were not only controlling their system, email Ids but also noting their positions and keeping check on their contacts. During attacks in between 2015 and 2016 it was rated the massive one among all. Around 53 employee email IDs and passwords were hacked by Russian hackers (Allam et al., 2014). The problematic situation rose that the Russian hackers was trying to track the reporters of Times that results into the cyber- attack on 2016. Accordi ng to the research done on this cyber- attack, it was found that hackers were utilizing special tracking system for noticing the instant position of reporters. In addition to this, not only the reporters were tracked but also their contacts were getting tracked by hackers. This incident impacted massively on reporter of Times, as a result of which they could not stop writing against Russian spies and hackers (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). This step was intentionally taken to attack Russian hackers by the power of media. A.3) Possible Solutions There may be several resolution techniques possible against these massive breaches. These are mainly related to the information security system (Cardenas et al., 2012). Following are the concerned techniques to resolve these cyber breaches: Improvisation of information security techniques: Every organization and individual should obey these rules to protect their data from hackers (Layton, 2016). In case of individuals they should create their own security questions that may protect their system in a better way. As a result of which the hacker may not be allowed to guess or track those security questions set by users. In case of organizations or in case industry specific applications, there may platform independent cloud services that will prevent these systems from hacking (Gordon et al., 2015). Cloud services provide better security than any other platform in real time applications. Use of modernized tracking systems: Modernized tracking systems will help Times to prevent further cyber- attacks (Posey et al., 2014). At the first stage of attacks Times was not clear about hackers. There specific location was not clear to Times. Lack of security measure and conventional tracking system made Times inefficient while recognizing hackers position. Improvised motoring techniques will not only make them perfect in case of preventing hacking but also assures their consumers and employees that their data registered with their organization is safe (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). This aspect will improve brand value of Times. Part B: 2015 Anthem Medical Data Breach Case Title: Health Insurer Anthem Hit by hackers (Source: Yadron, 2015) Referred to appendix 2 B.1) Problems statement The article elaborated about the information security issue happened with giant healthcare Anthem. Almost 80 million consumers have lost their data due to this data theft. This was noted as the largest data breach in the year of 2015 (Rhee et al., 2012). Spokesperson from Anthem said that the data breach revealed most of the customer information to the hackers, such as: names, birthdates, account details, social security numbers and medical information of consumers. This incident not only impacted upon the consumers of Anthem but also make changes upon trustworthy relationship between consumers and Anthem. There were several consumers those were suffering from critical identity theft only due to lack of information security system in Anthem. In addition to this, modern approach of hacker for making Anthem fall against them makes the hacking possible (Siponen Vance, 2014). The hackers used almost all financial and other consumer related data for their own profit in the black market ac cording to the researches done this matter. According to investigators involved in case of Anthem hacking said that, this attack was sophisticated and very advanced in nature, due to that the weak technological support of Anthem could not get the hackers (Yadron, 2016). FBI was investigating in this case for further results and to find the concerned hackers involved in this massive attack. B.2) Impacts on victims According to investigators there are three actors in this incident who were affected due to this incident: Anthem, Consumer and Hackers. All of the positive and negative impacts are described as follows: Impact on consumers: Anthem hack made the world shocked with the severity of the damages occurred due to this. Almost 80 million consumers and 40 million company related data were stolen (Yadron, 2016). Anthem was challenged by data theft, impact of that only making the consumers restless as they were facing identity crisis (Van Deursen et al., 2013).This aspect impacted on the social world as well as in technological world. Almost 37.5 million payment details were stolen by this attack. Impact on Anthem: Anthem was suffering from critical situation as all of their customers have lost faith on them due to data theft (Teymourlouei Jackson, 2016). Most important fact was that the organization was losing their position in the marketplace due to severity of damages due to data theft. This incident not only reduced their fame in the marketplace but also affected their future aspect (Syed Dhillon, 2015). According tothe CEO of Anthem, Anthem has yet to demonstrate a path towards restoring this trust. Impact on Hackers: Among all the actors of this incident, hackers were only one who never suffered from any challenges due to this attack, in spite of that they were gained profit by stealing those data (Van Deursen et al., 2013). Financial information stolen in this incident was sold in the black market to maximum profit from that. In addition to this, investigators were expecting that there may be another reason or this incident: hackers may be intended to make Anthem feel their fall in healthcare industry. B.3) Process of attack According to Mr. Miller, a spokesperson from Anthem said that the information security department recognized the attack when in last week database queries were running automatically without the administrator password (Yadron, 2016). In addition to this, the system administrator did not enter his identifier code but the system was being operated by some other server. This incident recognized the attack but the hackers were using so much of advanced technologies that security team of the Anthem did not locate their position while considering their sever location (Vance et al., 2012). Information security team of Anthem once located the server position of hackers but it was just an illusion that makes them confused with their real position and hackers got sufficient time for being moved to another location before the Anthem security team could reach them. The total incident happened in a short period of time that security team could not recognize the actual perspective and location of t hem (Yadron, 2016). Anthem faced massive challenges due lack of security back up and contingency plan at that moment with them. This impacted on their concerned market position as well as to their consumers. B.4) Preventive measures There may be several aspects that may suggest the recovery of problems identified in the Anthem attack. Anthem took some steps to prevent these attacks as well protected their system from further massive attack s like this. These steps are discussed as follows: Password Management: Anthem had reset the entire user and employee password with a single that can only be accessed by the authority (Allam et al., 2014). This aspect reduced the chances of further hacking over their network. Only one pass word was there by which all data would be accessible through Anthem server. Implement Server Based Platform: Anthem introduced a new web server based platform that was helping them to observe him problems their consumers were facing (Armerding, 2012). This step made their future risks reduced as they would be now getting all the tracking details from user server. Implement Firewall Method: They built a firewall with proper security method for their open server that will track the harmful operations that may harm their network, which helps them to recognize the hacking possibilities. References Allam, S., Flowerday, S. V., Flowerday, E. (2014). Smartphone information security awareness: A victim of operational pressures.Computers Security,42, 56-65. Armerding, T. (2012). The 15 worst data security breaches of the 21st Century.COS Security and Risk. Cardenas, J., Coronado, A., Donald, A., Parra, F., Mahmood, M. A. (2012). The economic impact of security breaches on publicly traded corporations: an empirical investigation. Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., Lucyshyn, W., Zhou, L. (2015). The impact of information sharing on cybersecurity underinvestment: a real options perspective.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(5), 509-519. Layton, T. P. (2016).Information Security: Design, implementation, measurement, and compliance. CRC Press. New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers. (2016).Databreachtoday.in. Retrieved 25 August 2016, fromhttps://www.databreachtoday.in/new-york-times-reportedly-targeted-by-russian-hackers-a-9357 Posey, C., Roberts, T. L., Lowry, P. B., Hightower, R. T. (2014).Bridging the divide: a qualitative comparison of information security thought patterns between information security professionals and ordinary organizational insiders.Information management,51(5), 551-567. Rhee, H. S., Ryu, Y. U., Kim, C. T. (2012).Unrealistic optimism on information security management.computers security,31(2), 221-232. Siponen, M., Vance, A. (2014). Guidelines for improving the contextual relevance of field surveys: the case of information security policy violations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(3), 289-305. Syed, R., Dhillon, G. (2015). Dynamics of Data Breaches in Online Social Networks: Understanding Threats to Organizational Information Security Reputation. Teymourlouei, H., Jackson, L. (2016, January).Detecting and Preventing Information Security Breaches.InProceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM)(p. 304). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Van Deursen, N., Buchanan, W. J., Duff, A. (2013).Monitoring information security risks within health care.computers security,37, 31-45. Vance, A., Siponen, M., Pahnila, S. (2012). Motivating IS security compliance: insights from habit and protection motivation theory.Information Management,49(3), 190-198. Yadron, A., (2016).Health Insurer Anthem Hit by Hackers. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/health-insurer-anthem-hit-by-hackers-1423103720 [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016].